The High Stern Rudder

Text and Photos by Brian Day
The stern-rudder stroke is an often overlooked sea-kayak technique. Because it contributes nothing to the forward motion of the boat while paddling, this technique is used less than the forward stroke or forward sweep while touring. But in a following sea, a well-tuned stern-rudder technique will give you maximum control while surfing your sea kayak and help you get more mileage out of rides on green waves.

Most sea kayakers are initially taught a stern-rudder stroke in which the paddle shaft is held at low angle. This technique can be powerful, as the immersed paddle blade can be forced out into the stream of water that the boat is passing through. Unfortunately, this power comes at the cost of increased drag on the paddle, which will slow your kayak.

The high stern rudder, which is commonly used by whitewater paddlers, offers greater boat control and efficiency. On the river, the stern rudder is used to control a kayak’s upstream angle while surfing on waves. Whitewater kayaks are slow by comparison to sea kayaks and can be hard to hold on a wave face while surfing. Any excess drag on the paddle or change in the upstream angle of the boat will cause a whitewater kayak to lose speed and fall off of the wave, ending the paddler’s ride. The high-angle stern rudder relies less on drag and more on blade pitch to create a turning motion. The result is a more efficient stroke.

The high stern rudder differs from a basic stern rudder in two ways. First, the front hand is held at chest height or higher, which keeps the paddle shaft at a relatively high angle to the water. Second, directional control is provided by changing the pitch of the immersed blade to move the stern of the kayak laterally in either direction.

To put it another way, the high stern rudder mimics the action of a ship’s mechanical rudder, with the shaft of the paddle representing the vertical rudder post at the stern. The blade pivots around this point. Because the paddle blade extends from both sides of the paddle shaft, it’s a lot like the balanced rudder of some sailboats, which is designed to give the helm a lighter touch.

In the low stern rudder, the paddle shaft acts more like a sailboat’s -tiller, which sweeps across the cockpit to change the angle of the immersed blade. Sweeping the paddle shaft in this way sweeps the blade away from the boat and initiates a turn toward the paddle side. A large pull of the “tiller” across the cockpit will create a larger sweep stroke and more turning action, but also more drag. And while it’s easy to pull the paddle shaft/tiller laterally across the cockpit to turn toward the paddle side, it’s not so easy to push it out away from the boat to use a low stern rudder to turn away from the paddle.

Because the high stern rudder relies on rotating the paddle shaft rather than sweeping it back and forth, it is dramatically more effective in turning the kayak away from the paddle side. The high stern rudder is also more efficient in turning the kayak toward the paddle side because less drag is created by the paddle blade in the water. The combination of greater efficiency and better directional control make it easier to stay on waves while working in a following sea.
Kayakers who paddle boats equipped with foot-controlled mechanical rudders may question the usefulness of this stroke. Certainly a mechanical rudder allows for directional control in a following sea. Consider the stern-rudder stroke as a backup for your kayak’s rudder if you have one. You will find it useful in the event of a mechanical failure or in situations that warrant stowing your kayak’s rudder on deck, such as surf landings or paddling in rock gardens.

Torso rotation is important for this stroke. Pronounced torso rotation will put your paddle blade into the water toward the stern of the kayak, where the turning forces will be most effective. Torso rotation will also help to keep your shoulders in a more secure position. Without good rotation, you’ll have to extend your rearward arm behind your torso to achieve proper blade placement, which will put the rearward shoulder into a weak position. Always try to keep your arms out in front of your torso as you paddle. This posture, known as “the paddler’s box,” makes shoulder injury less likely.

Rotate your body toward the side you’ll be ruddering on. Sit upright and look forward, toward the bow of your kayak. If you are rotating correctly, your forward shoulder will be aimed at the bow. While it can be helpful to look at the paddle blade while you’re learning a stroke, looking back all the time is a bad habit. Look where you want to go when you are using this, or any stroke.

Many people overlook the importance of the lower body in kayak strokes. The feet and legs anchor your body to the kayak and drive the stroke. Your lower body should be acting in opposition to the direction in which you’re intending to turn. If you’re using the stern rudder to turn left, press with your right foot. If you’re turning right, press with your left foot. If your kayak is equipped with a rudder, it may help to retract it in the fixed position during this exercise. Doing so will prevent your foot braces from moving as you apply pressure to them.

In a basic stern-rudder stroke, the paddle shaft is held close to parallel with the water’s surface, with the forward hand low. This is a good position from which to pull the paddle across the center of the kayak, creating a strong turning motion toward the paddle side. Unfortunately, pulling the paddle in this way creates a lot of drag. It is after all, just like the beginning of a reverse sweep stroke.

Doing a reverse sweep while paddling forward will create a lot of turning motion, but it will also put the paddle blade out into the stream of water beside the boat and put on the brakes. When you need turning power and aren’t concerned about drag, the low stern rudder works very well. For example: The low stern rudder is useful for controlling a kayak that has begun to broach in the surf. When your sea kayak is moving into a broach, and you’re trying to keep it on line, you need all the power you can get.

In the high stern rudder, the shaft angle is closer to that of a draw stroke. The forward arm is held between chest and forehead level, in a position that doesn’t block the paddler’s field of view. Both hands are held over the water on the paddle side, elbows bent. Strong rotation moves the paddle rearward along the hull so that it’s placed as near to the stern as possible. The resulting paddle shaft angle will be about 45 degrees to the water.

Dropping the forward hand too far will lower the paddle shaft angle and will reduce the effectiveness of the stroke. Think of the mechanical rudder analogy again: If your paddle shaft is at a low angle, changing the pitch of the blade by rotating the paddle shaft will not make the boat turn. A high angle is the key to effectiveness in this technique.
Your rearward arm should be close to your body. Make sure that this arm is bent and locked into position. A bent elbow will help keep you inside the paddler’s box. Locking the bend into your arm makes it easier to hold the paddle shaft a consistent distance from the side of the kayak. By holding this static position, you will more effectively convert the forces on the blade of your paddle into forces acting on your kayak. Allowing the rearward arm to wander will waste energy.

The stroke should begin with the blade immersed as far aft as possible. Because your rearward arm will be close to your body, you’ll need committed torso rotation to get the blade well aft. Allow the blade to trail along in the water in line with the direction of travel and with a neutral angle. Both of your hands will be over the water on the paddle side. As seen from above, the shaft will be roughly parallel to the keel line of your kayak.

Life After Katrina

Feature—June 2006
Life After Katrina 
Text and Photos by Scott B. Williams

Last year in Sea Kayaker, I wrote about Mississippi’s Pascagoula River (“The Last ‘Wild’ River,” Oct. ’05), a free-flowing river system that offers more than 750 miles of fine paddling and empties into the Gulf of Mexico a short distance from the Gulf Islands National Seashore, another prime area for sea kayaking.
By the time the October issue hit newsstands, Hurricane Katrina had made landfall on the northern Gulf Coast with catastrophic effect. Anyone visiting the lower reaches of the Pascagoula River today will find almost total devastation in communities such as Gautier and the city of Pascagoula itself. All of the marsh grasses upriver from the coast were submerged in the saltwater storm surge and turned brown. Hurricane-force winds reached inland hundreds of miles from the coast, and anyone trying to descend any of the upper tributaries of the river that I described in that previous article is sure to encounter almost impassable obstacles in the form of fallen trees.
Much has changed in South Mississippi since August 29, 2005, when Katrina’s massive storm surge swept over barrier islands and coastal towns and pushed far inland into estuaries like the Pascagoula River. Sustained winds of 140 mph leveled entire forests in some places and scattered tons of debris that will take years to clean up. Some parts of this coast have changed forever, especially man-made structures. Some of the wilder areas are surprisingly intact, demonstrating nature’s resiliency to storms that have always been part of the weather of this region. One thing is certain—all of us who call South Mississippi home were affected by this event, and many will never be the same again.

A History of Hurricanes
The northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico suffers more than its fair share of devastating hurricanes. Although some storms originate within the Gulf itself, most of the hurricanes arrive from the Caribbean through the Yucatan Channel, from the Atlantic through the Straits of Florida, or across the Florida peninsula. Once in the Gulf, the hurricanes have over 500 nautical miles of open, warm waters to become intensified before landfall. Those that strike this coast are often near maximum size and strength.
Although periods of hurricane inactivity can last for several years, leading to complacency among the inhabitants of the area and an illusion of security, no area of the northern Gulf Coast is immune to the threat of destruction by a major hurricane. As a resident of Mississippi for most of my life, I’ve been familiar with hurricanes since I was five years old, when a storm named Camille killed more than 200 Gulf Coast residents and retained wind speeds of 100 miles per hour even when it passed over my parents’ house more than 120 miles inland.
Hurricane Camille was unprecedented in the destruction it left behind. After Camille passed through the Mississippi coastal town of Pass Christian in 1969, Gulf Coast residents assumed such fury could never be matched, much less exceeded. It was considered a 100-year event, and no one who lived through it expected to have to face such an experience again. The people of Mississippi rebuilt their homes and businesses. When legalized gambling came to the Mississippi coast in the early 1990s, the population grew exponentially. Conflicts raged between environmentalists and developers who sought to build more hotels and condos on the beaches.
Conservationists prevailed on the offshore islands, five of which were included in the Gulf Islands National Seashore. This chain of islands lies approximately 10 miles offshore and protects the mainland from the open waters of the Gulf and the Mississippi Sound. The islands create an ideal playground for boaters of all description. Sea kayaking has been slower to catch on along this coast than in other popular paddling areas, but in recent years, there have been increased numbers of sea kayakers camping on the barrier islands or exploring the bayous and marshes of the mainland.
For years I made countless crossings to the islands by kayak and explored the area in a variety of small sailboats. I too became complacent about hurricanes, as we had no significant threats and no direct hits from anything larger than a tropical storm. This changed in October 2002, when two major hurricanes came bearing down on the northern Gulf Coast barely a week apart. The coast was spared major damage, as both storms weakened before coming ashore. The next major threat was in 2004, a year when four hurricanes made landfall in Florida. The last of these was tracking north across the Gulf on a path toward Biloxi, but at the last minute, it changed course and struck the Alabama and the North Florida coast.
Forecasters at the National Hurricane Center predicted that we were entering a 10- to 30-year cycle of increased hurricane activity and warned early in 2005 that conditions were just right for generating strong hurricanes. Early season storms are rare, but the first weekend in July, Tropical Storm Cindy made a direct hit in Biloxi with a five- to six-foot storm surge and sustained winds of about 70 mph. A week later Hurricane Dennis was heading our way but turned and struck Florida with less impact than predicted.

The Swimmer’s Rescue and Transport

Using a single kayak for rescuing a swimmer may be very difficult for anything more than short distances in calm water. An effective technique for carrying a swimmer is to clip two kayaks together with a pair of contact-tow straps.

On rare occasion, kayakers are called upon to rescue someone who has wound up in the water after losing a kayak or after becoming separated from some other vessel. The technique I call the “swimmer’s rescue and transport” is designed to get the victim completely out of the water-especially important when the water is cold-and carried to shore as quickly as possible.
I first thought of this technique after reading an article in the October 2000 issue of Sea Kayaker magazine. In “Kayaks to the Rescue,” author Michael Powers and paddling companion Bill Green caught sight of a capsized power boat and found a man floating in the water nearby. The man was barely breathing and severely hypothermic. Michael strapped the man on the stern of Bill’s kayak. The extra weight on the stern Bill’s kayak made it difficult for him to keep upright. With the boat so far out of trim, it was also very difficult for him to maintain a course. Michael clipped a towline into the bow of Bill’s kayak to provide direction and pulling power while Bill concentrated on bracing. They made very slow progress.

Other than having the swimmer lie on the back deck, there hasn’t been a reliable system for kayakers to use for rescuing a swimmer at sea. As Michael and Bill discovered, using a single kayak may be very difficult for anything more than short distances in calm water.

The strap clips into a grab line alongside the forward paddler’s cockpit, and into the grab line on the bow of the trailing kayak. Drawing the strap tight takes the slack out of the grab line and pulls the two kayaks snugly together.

An effective technique for carrying a swimmer is to clip two kayaks together with a pair of contact-tow straps. The rafted-double configuration works amazingly well as a platform for carrying someone (see “The Rafted Double,” SK December 2000). In trials, we were able to carry a swimmer very effectively for a considerable distance. With the load distributed over two kayaks, neither is badly out of trim, you nearly have the speed and stability of a tandem boat, and both paddlers are free to paddle and brace.

Contact-tow straps
Although you won’t find ready-made contact-tow straps at your local kayak shop, they are easy to make. The contact-tow straps I use are based on one I saw used in a towing class at the Great Lakes Sea Kayak symposium. A single contact-tow strap consists of two 3′ lengths of flat webbing, with a carabiner at each end, and a quick-release buckle in the middle.
I prefer buckles that you can adjust on both sides, so the strap can be lengthened or shortened from either side of the buckle. Most buckles adjust only on one side, so you have to inspect the buckles carefully before purchasing. If an attachment point for the webbing has two bars, it is adjustable. If it has a single bar it is not. The instructor that originally showed me the tow-strap equipped with a buckle used a 3/4″ buckle. I thought it too small to release quickly with cold hands or gloves.
I use 11/2″ webbing and buckles.
The first carabiners I bought for this project had the little notch in the clip end. The notch constantly caught on the deck lines, so I bought carabiners that had a flared end instead of a notch to connect to the gate.
Heat-seal the cut ends of the webbing with a match or lighter. Sew a loop to fit the carabiner on one end of each piece of webbing. If you don’t have access to a sewing machine, see if your local shoe repair shop can do the job for you. Thread the other end of the webbing through the buckle. To keep the webbing from slipping off the buckle and to provide a more positive grip, tie an overhand knot or sew a double fold in the end.
When I practiced with contact-tow straps, I worried about having one fall into the water as I was hooking it to or unhooking it from the deck lines. To keep it from sinking, I added a float to each end. I cut out some small blocks of foam, trimming them to make them as small as possible but still able to float the carabiner. I cut small holes in the foam blocks and slipped them over the webbing.
The contact-tow strap has a number of advantages over tying or clipping kayaks together. It can be pulled tight to draw the kayaks firmly together and it can be quickly unbuckled, allowing the boats to separate. The versatility of this allows it to be used for many applications, including, of course, as a short tether for a contact tow.

Contact-tow-straps. The foam floats are trimmed to be as small as possible and still keep the carabiners from sinking. In the tow strap, the male side of the buckle (upper right) is adjustable. The female side (lower right) is not and is attached by a loop sewn into the webbing.
If possible, use buckles that are adjustable on both sides.

The Swimmer’s Rescue and Transport
To set up for the swimmer’s rescue and transport, both kayaks approach the swimmer, side by side, facing the same direction but staggered so that one boat is ahead of the other. If one kayak has a rudder it takes the rear position, and may use the rudder to steer. A rudderless kayak in the forward position eliminates the risk of cuts and scrapes that the stern paddler might get trying to paddle around a rudder pulled in tight alongside his cockpit.
One contact-tow strap connects the bow of the aft boat to the forward boat just ahead of the cockpit, from the outside deck line of one kayak to the outside deck line of the other. If you have grab lines running by the cockpit, the contact-tow strap will lie across the forward paddler’s spray deck. The other contact-tow strap connects the stern of the forward boat to the deck lines around the cockpit of the aft boat. If your deck rigging allows it, the straps are easiest to tension or to release if they are well within reach on the spray decks of both paddlers.

The best place to clip the carabiners is on a perimeter grab line. Tighten the contact-tow strap to pull the slack out of the grab lie. Bungies have too much stretch to provide a positive connection between the kayaks. Running the straps under the inside deck lines will keep the kayaks from opening up under the swimmer, but the buckles will be prone to snag when released. If you position the buckles with the webbing leading into the top face of the buckle, they are less likely to snag, but if you are in conditions that may require a quick separation of the kayaks, don’t thread the straps under the inside deck lines.

The swimmer positions himself at the aft deck of the forward kayak, lets his legs float up and perpendicular to the kayaks. With a quick scissors kick and a lunge, the same technique a kayaker uses for a paddle-float self rescue, and climbs up and lies across the boats. The swimmer should take a position completely out of the water to reduce his exposure to the water and to keep from interfering with the paddling progress of the kayakers. If the position of the swimmer causes one of the boats to lean, direct him to get in a position to give the kayaks the best possible trim.

If the swimmer is incapacitated, as was the case in the Powers/Green rescue, it was easier to attach the boats after the swimmer was pulled aboard. The weaker of the two paddlers approaches the swimmer and puts the swimmer in position just aft of the cockpit. The stronger paddler comes along the opposite side of the first kayak and reaches across the deck to the swimmer. Grabbing the swimmer with one hand and pushing down on the deck with the other, he pulls the swimmer across both boats then pulls his legs out of the water. The other paddler holds the kayaks together and may assist in pulling the swimmer aboard. The outside boat slides back to the rafted-double position and both paddlers use their contact-tow straps to connect the kayaks.

Buckles that allow adjustments to the strap on either side provide the most versatile contact tow straps. They are also easier to replace if damaged, since they don’t need to be secured by loops sewn into the webbing.

The success of this variation depends upon the strength of the paddler. In rough water or with a heavy swimmer, it can be very difficult to perform the rescue of an incapacitated swimmer without the aid of a third kayak on the other side of the swimmer.
The swimmer’s rescue and transport may not be a technique that you are ever called upon to use, but is just one more useful tool for a sea kayaker’s bag of tricks. Include it in your practice sessions with your paddling partners. It may save a life some day.

A Place Apart – The Life of a Guide

There is a big wooden building that sits near a small stretch of sandy beach, across the street from the ferry dock, down by the water. It has two huge, sliding doors and, except for its bright yellow paint, it might almost be mistaken for an old barn. It’s where fishermen used to pack their catch in barrels, and where they’d hang fishing nets up to dry and repair. Now it’s where an outfitter stores their sea kayaks when they are not out on trips on the Great Lakes. And it’s also where you, when you’re a guide, first meet the clients who pay for big-water adventures. “The Barn,” as the guides call it, is a chaotic place to be at 8:00 on a summer morning.

Inside, the Barn is divided into two sections—one area with racks and shelves and workbenches for boat storage and repair, and the other for checking in customers and displaying retail goods like paddling jackets, hats, sunscreen, synthetic underwear, water bottles and logo t-shirts. On a busy morning, you and eight other guides will be scurrying back and forth between the two areas, gathering and checking kayaks, spare paddles, paddle floats, bilge pumps, spray skirts, first aid kits, VHF radios, tow belts, survival kits and shore lunches, while at the same time glancing at dot matrix printouts containing boat lists and trip rosters, awaiting impatiently, often anxiously, the arrival of the customers.

“Hello,” you call to the bewildered-looking couple with matching white shorts standing tentatively in the doorway. “You folks here for a trip?”

“Do we pay you for the parking?” the woman asks from behind her twelve-dollar gas station sunglasses.

“The lot outside is owned by the ferry line,” you answer for the third time this morning. “You pay at the little blue booth across the street.”

Michael, a guide from Milwaukee, emerges from behind a partition that encloses a small office in the back of the building.

“What’s the weather supposed to do today?”

“Northwest winds, ten to twenty. Waves two to four. What trip are you doing?”

Michael laughs. “Sea Caves,” he says. That’s the most popular trip, but with ten novice paddlers and a little too much wind, it can turn hairy, fast.

“Oh, man,” you say.

“Yeah.” Michael raises an eyebrow at you, rolls the top of a dry bag and buckles it shut, then steps through the doorway into the room where the boats are kept.

You reach under the wooden counter and pull out a white, legal-sized form with lots of small print. “Acknowledgement of Risk,” it says on top, with a bunch of little spaces for signatures. You write, “Guide:” and then your name in the upper right-hand corner of the sheet, and slide it to the other side of the counter. It’s 8:38, but none of the people on your roster have shown up yet. You look over your equipment list for the fourth time and try to remember what it is you’ve forgotten. You start to wonder if this part ever gets any easier.

“Morning, Sarge! How are ya?” It’s Kevin, a smiley, ultra-suave grade-school teacher from Minneapolis. He’s got the summer off and is up here to be a guide, work on his tan, and to seek refuge from the female “friends” he’s made in the Twin Cities. He calls you Sarge because of the drill-sergeant tone your voice takes when you’re yelling instructions over the white noise of the surf. You call him Captain Charisma—it seems to fit him well.

“Hey, Cap’n! I’m doing all right. You?”

“Fan-tabulous. Had a hot date with this blonde from my Poplar Island trip yesterday. Ate some pasta, drank some red wine . . . .” He looks at the ceiling and smiles, remembering. “Yeah, nice. Hey, what trip are you doing?”

“Paynes Creek this morning. Then a Safety Course in the afternoon.”

“All right. Have a good time!” Kevin ducks in back, probably to check one of his six e-mail accounts. He is a popular guy.

By 9:00 a.m. all of your clients have arrived, signed the form, and are climbing awkwardly into their rented wetsuits and PFDs. You breathe easily, watching them. Soon, you’ll all be on the water, gear stowed, and you’ll be teaching paddle strokes and wet exits. Yes, you’ll soon be on the water, and then it’ll all be okay.

You arrived in Lakeview just over a month ago, in late May, leaving all of your friends from home behind, driving up here with a car full of outdoor clothes and paddling paraphernalia, a roof rack on top with saddles to hold a kayak (just in case you ever bought your own), following a dream, an idea you had written down in your journal so many times you got sick of reading about it and finally had to try it out for yourself. It was tough, going off alone. Matt, your best friend, the guy you relied on for support and advice and lots of good laughs, was moving to Des Moines with his wife. He had wanted you to take the job; he knew you were ready. “I’ve always thought of you as a guide anyway,” Matt had said. “I mean, you taught me everything I know about kayaking.” And that was true, but you definitely still owed him for all the late-night philosophy sessions and reassuring phone conversations, not to mention the mile-wide grin he often wore that made all your monumental worries seem silly. Staying at home just wouldn’t be the same without Matt. The hardest, though, was Amy. Yes, Amy: the rugged, smart, spirited, beautiful young woman you were starting to think might be the one. She was going to Nepal for the summer. It had only been April when she had told you, in the warm security of the darkness, that you make her heart smile. But she left in mid-May. “Write me,” you had said. “I don’t think Katmandu is renowned for its reliable postal service,” she said, “but I’ll try.” Better to be in Lakeview, you thought, than back at home without her.

The room in the cabin where you are staying is small and cramped. There’s a bed and a little nightstand, a chair and a cheap armoire with six drawers and a place to hang a few shirts. All that furniture leaves just about enough floor space to step inside the room, turn around once, and walk out. You sit down slowly on the edge of the dusty mattress. There’s a weathered picture on the wall, probably left by the room’s previous inhabitant. It’s a painted portrait of an Apache Indian. His face is brown, wrinkled and leathery, but not old, his expression resolute. His eyes are deep and sad, but there’s a light there, the light of hard-earned wisdom. You pull the little picture of Amy out of your duffel bag and set it gently on the nightstand. You remember the cold winter day that it was taken: the pure white snow, the bright sun, the crystal-blue sky. You look closely at the photograph, seeing that perfect smile and those eyes that are always somehow distant. The Apache stares down at you from the wall and you stare back, your brow furrowing just a little bit, just a little like his.

Early on, to ease the homesickness, you go paddling: sometimes alone, sometimes with Herb. If there is such a thing as a born handyman, Herb is it. His uncanny ability to fix anything—from a squeaky screen door to a manual transmission—got him his job at the Barn. When you walk down the street with Herb, the two of you look a little strange. You’re still this side of thirty, and can’t dress yourself without having the right logos on your person. Herb is a forty-year-old grandfather, ex-factory worker, ex-alcoholic, a tattoo- and body-piercing aficionado with long, braided, raven-colored hair and a stained straw cowboy hat, complete with an eagle feather in the band. Except for his mustache, he looks more like one of the area’s native Ojibway people than a motorcycle guru from Green County, Wisconsin. But a guru he is. Herb built his own Aleutian baidarka—before he’d ever been in a kayak. It’s a beautiful creation: a wood frame lashed together, a canvas skin cover stretched and sewn over the frame. There’s not a single nail in the whole thing. He even waited until he got to Lakeview before he finished the coaming around the cockpit—he wanted to see how a sprayskirt would fit—and then he fashioned a perfect oval from willow branches gathered just outside of the Barn and lashed them on. It’s custom-made to fit him; your legs are too long to even squeeze under the deck. So, you paddle with Herb because you like to watch his work of art slicing through the waves, and because even though he doesn’t have a bachelor’s degree in Philosophy and Comparative Religion, when he talks, he sometimes reminds you of Matt.

“It’s all about Zen, dude,” Herb says as a wave breaks over his bow. “What, kayaking?” you say. “Kayaking, guiding, working on boats. Everything, dude.” Herb peels out in a low brace turn, not because you’re changing direction, but just because. You see him grin. “It’s about mellowing out, dude. Letting things happen.” “I guess I need to work on that one,” you say. “Dude,” Herb chuckles, “we all do. Why do you think I came up here? I’m just on a walkabout, dude. A walkabout.” Herb sprints out in front, rides up the face of a steep roller, then yawps a joyous “woo-hoo!” as his bow slams down into the trough. You smile to yourself before catching up.

It’s dark and you’re alone in your tent on Maple Island. The forest surrounding the campground obscures any view of the water, but you can hear it sloshing gently against the rocks on shore. Lying there, you can feel the undulations of the lake, almost as if you were still in your boat. The clients, a group of college kids, are sitting around the campfire, telling stories. You “went to bed” about a half hour ago, knowing that was the only excuse that would give you a little time to yourself. After paddling all day, shouting instructions, then schlepping all the gear, setting up camp, cooking dinner, eating and then cleaning up—all while maintaining a healthy level of smiling enthusiasm—you are ready for a break. You’re tired, but the adrenaline from being in the spotlight is keeping you from falling asleep.

You can hear them talking now, talking about the guide. That’s you. It feels good to be the center of attention, the leader, the hero, the authority figure. But it’s also a barrier between you and them. You’ll always be just outside of the circle. On the water, even when you’re with your group, you still feel alone. Guiding, you’ll usually take out only ten clients or fewer—most of them in double kayaks—but it’s always just you. Mornings, or before a long trip, you’ll get to see the other guides: your friends. But once on the water you’re on your own. So, yes, sometimes you do get lonely.

Lakeview in the summer is full of tourists. But you were here first; you knew the town and its feel before they arrived. And since the tourists aren’t a part of that essence, they don’t seem real. The other guides, the people you work with, are the only ones who really exist. But not the tourists. You walk along the street and they are obstacles. They move, of course, get in your way, but you navigate around them. They are relegated to the periphery. Often, however, they’ll speak, and say things like, “It’s too hot to paddle,” or “Can we go to Outer Island?” or “I’m pretty warm-blooded; I won’t need a wetsuit, will I?” And you answer them politely and succinctly, the way you’d answer a four-year-old when he asks why the sky is blue. But they’re always at a distance: Even when you’re at your most charismatic, even when you’re having the most fun, you never let them in. If you’re good, if you’re funny or exceptionally patient, or if you teach them well, they’ll remember you forever.

But you forget about them. You forget about them because even though today was great fun, and even though it seemed like you had a lot in common with the brunette on your Cobble Island Overnight, they’ll all be gone tomorrow. Yes, they’ll be gone, but you have to get up and do it all over again. And maybe keeping them on the periphery is the only way to stay sane. Because every once in a while you’ll be out just long enough to make friends, to see these people as, well, people—and maybe it hurts too much to be friends with someone you’ll never see again. So you climb into your tent early, you paddle just a bit behind the group, and you never give too much away.

June goes by. You’ve paddled in sun, rain, fog, waves, wind and glassy calms that were so still they frightened you. You’ve done half-day trips, day trips, a few overnights. You’ve had easy clients who practically did all the work for you, you’ve had overweight attorneys from Chicago who did more bullshitting than paddling, and you’ve even dealt with seasick kids who barfed all over their sprayskirts.

The lake has many faces, many moods, many colors, and you’re starting to recognize a few of them. The sky is huge here, and it talks to you. It tells you when to be on the water and when to get off, and you’re learning to listen. It’s still stressful to be responsible for the safety of these people. But you’re feeling it less and less. And it’s always awkward meeting new clients, but you’ve got your routine wired: the instructional lectures and the demonstrations and the clever jokes flow out of you so well that they’ve become effortless. You buy a few postcards and mail them to friends back home. You write a letter to Matt and, reading it over, you wonder if you’re not even getting a little cocky. Amy hasn’t written but, then again, they don’t have mail carriers in the Khumbu Region, do they?

It’s a breezy evening and violet clouds are sailing across the darkening sky. You finally got a whole day off, so you drove into town to buy yourself a couple of Tom Petty CDs. On the way back, you even picked up a bottle of Chianti and some pasta. It’s been a while since you’ve actually cooked on a real stove in your own cabin. You look around and smile. The place is almost starting to feel like home.

The chopped garlic and olive oil are just starting to sizzle in the cast iron skillet when you get the call.

The voice on the phone is familiar, but it’s not making sense. “Matt is dead,” the voice says. You shut off the stereo. Say that again? “Matt is dead.” You turn off the stove. Uh, you’re serious, right? “Afraid so.” You sit down at the table, holding the phone in one hand, your head in the other. Uh, so how . . . ? “Car accident, last night.” Was his wife . . . ?

Broken leg. Emergency room. Jesus. Silence. Then more details. Phone numbers. So sorry. Can you get back here? I’m not . . . . I think so . . . . I’m . . . . (silence). Thanks for the call.

It takes a minute or two. You see the vegetables on the counter, the pan on the stove. They are a million miles away. Then the tears come.

Days pass. There’s an airplane, hugs with old friends, a church, more tears, and also, now, laughter, remembering. But home doesn’t feel like home anymore. It’s just another place, familiar, but strange too. All too soon, another airplane.

Pearl’s Coffee and Tea House is very cozy and has a great French roast, so you go there a lot. You read, you write, and you think about anything other than kayaking. July went by fast, and that’s a good thing. The dream job, guiding—paddling for a living—is work now. You swap shifts. You give away trips to other guides. Your teaching becomes terse, impatient. The enthusiasm that came easily in June is gone. You don’t talk much if you don’t have to. A smile is a rare event indeed. Clients ask: “Do you like your job?” You say: “Kind of tough to call sea kayaking a job.” But that’s a lie. You hide in your tent on overnights. The word “pensive” finds its way into your daily vocabulary. You check your P.O. box, sometimes twice a day, but there’s nothing from Amy. Your friends ask: “You okay?” You say: “Sure, why?” and head for the coffee joint, alone. You wonder if the old cabin on Refuge Island is still standing.

One day, Herb says, “He’s not really gone, you know. He’ll be in the wind and the earth.” So, you start looking. You notice a lone seagull soaring on a sunny day, practicing. You see a squall move in from the west, and watch the distinct gray curtain of rain sweep across the surface of the water, obscuring everything behind it. You hear a loon call in the pre-dawn hours and you call back. You feel the coolness of a gentle breeze on your cheeks as you sit in the open doorway of your tent. You marvel at the way a clear, brilliant blue sky perfectly frames a grove of balsam firs on Crichton Island. You smell the faint aroma of pine needles and the sweet aliveness of the sea, masked only by that of the cowboy coffee that’s brewing on the camp stove. You taste, as if for the first time, a hot dinner of burritos with refried beans, Spanish rice, fresh green peppers, salsa and shredded cheddar cheese. And it’s all so big that sometimes it fills you up and you overflow, and you’re glad you remembered your sunglasses so the clients don’t see you cry. This time though, the tears come with a smile, and every once in a while there’s something that almost feels like clarity.

Diablo Island is the northernmost of the 22 islands in the archipelago. The early native settlers called it “Spirit Island,” because they believed it was haunted by the tormented dead. On the north side of the island, there are many sea caves carved from the copper-colored sandstone cliffs. When storms come, the lake’s powerful waves ravage these cliffs, and wind howling through the caves creates moaning and screaming noises that can be heard from miles away. There is one ranger there. He stays without a break for the entire season, living on the island’s northern tip in the turn-of-the-century buildings that once serviced the lighthouse. Sea kayakers visit Diablo Island, but not often. If weather moves in, you can be stranded there for days. One of the Barn’s trips goes there. It’s six days long—the longest—and it will be your last of the summer. “It’s our most exposed trip,” the shop owner says. So, naturally, you want it.

The trip starts off like this: There are two clients, Tom and Gina, instead of the four who booked; more food than you can fit into three single kayaks; lots of rain; an off-shore breeze gusting to twenty or twenty-five knots, and four-foot breaking seas before you’ve even made it out of Placid Bay. “Let’s head back and sit this one out!” you yell when you see Tom disappear momentarily behind a wall of water. Turning around and paddling into the stiff wind isn’t easy, and Gina needs a tow. You clip on to her and crank toward shore. Every other wave breaks into your face and you time your breaths between them.

In twenty minutes you look up and see that you’ve covered about six feet. Luckily, Tom is an experienced paddler—he’s way out ahead. But the wind isn’t subsiding. The thought enters your mind that you might not make it. You grunt as you take each stroke and chant, “I will not stop, I will not stop.” You think of Matt. “A little help here, buddy?” The beach isn’t any closer. Another wave drenches you. Then: “Please God, just let up a little bit?” The wind gusts in your face, but you don’t stop paddling. When you hit the beach—an hour after you turned around—your muscles ache. You call for a ride and spend the night in the cabin.

Day two begins with the arrival of the other two clients, Brad and Alice. Your stress level rises. The morning is spent training them and adding extra supplies. Too little time to make it to Diablo tonight. Maple instead. You feel the little muscles in your forehead wrinkling. You think about that damned Apache on your wall. You seriously consider abandoning the whole thing, packing your car and blasting off. More clouds and wind forecasted for this afternoon. On a whim, you check your e-mail at the Barn. Finally, finally—there’s one from Amy. It begins: “I’ve been doing quite a bit of thinking and . . .” Diablo Island becomes your Moby Dick.

That evening, you remember that the dock on Maple Island is a wonderful place to sit. Dinner is tasty, with good conversation, and everyone pitches in with the chores. Later, on the dock, the sky begins to clear; your head does too. The sun’s last light fades on the horizon. A crescent moon hangs low in the sky to the south. There’s a gentle breeze from the southwest and the surface of the water is calm. You exhale slowly. You write the words, “I am happy,” in your journal for the first time in a while. Tomorrow: Granite Island. Alice and Brad don’t want to be in the double kayak because it’s fat and slow. Everyone agrees to trade off. All summer you’ve squeezed into the narrowest, tippiest singles you could find because that’s what guides do. The front seat of the double is a leather couch in comparison. You can even sit Indian-style when your legs get tired. Tom offers to take the back seat to “get out of the way.” After the fifth time that you and Tom stop paddling to wait for the others, it becomes clear that “fat and slow” are relative terms. You set up camp and eat lunch on Granite, and the group settles in for a quiet afternoon. You raise an eyebrow at Tom. “Diablo?” you ask. “The double?” Tom asks. You both smile.

The sun is out, the wind is calm, and Tom’s the strongest paddler you’ve guided all season. You make the four-mile crossing to Diablo in thirty-eight minutes. You hike the mile-long trail through bog and boreal forest to the lighthouse and, from the top, you can see at least eight other islands. The Diablo Island light—which, somewhat appropriately, flashes red every ten seconds instead of the more customary white—stands one hundred feet above the surface of the water and is visible for fifteen statute miles. The tower itself is set about fifty meters away from the edge of the steep cliffs along the shoreline. Even on a calm day, waves buffet the sea caves below.

“During storms,” says the ranger, leaning nonchalantly over the tower’s railing, “sea spray from the waves reaches all the way up here. The lightkeepers would have to stay up here all night just to keep the windows clean enough so the light could still be seen. And believe me, this isn’t the most comfortable place to be in high winds.”

The ranger proceeds to tell you about the staggering growth he’s seen in the sport of kayak touring in the three summers he’s stayed at Diablo and, with it, the growth in the number of rescues the Park Service and the Coast Guard perform each season. “Now I don’t know where you two fit into all this.” The ranger eyes you and Tom carefully. “All I can say is: We keep seeing a whole lot of unprepared, inexperienced people out here.”

“I’m sorry to hear stories like that,” Tom says. “Gives the rest of us a bad name.” The ranger’s reminder is not lost as you and Tom paddle back to Rocky. You write, “Diablo Island!” in your journal that night.

The next few days are an island-tagging campaign as you and the others tick landfalls off your to-do lists: Deer, South Grand, Horn, Bear, Crichton. The last night of the trip is spent on Preston Bay, Crichton Island. A huge tombolo, or sandspit, connects the tiny spot of land known as Preston Isle with the main island of Crichton. The beaches made by this tombolo, in Preston and Augustine Bays, are arguably the two most beautiful spots in the archipelago.

That afternoon, as the warm sun sparkles off the ripples in Preston Bay, you wade fifty meters off shore and are still in knee-deep water. Tom follows in his kayak: You’ve promised to teach him the Eskimo roll. In your hubris, you’ve all but guaranteed that he’ll get it.

“I’ve been paddling for three years,” Tom says, “and I was just starting to picture myself as one of those crusty old paddlers who’s never learned to roll because they never thought they’d need it.” “Give me your paddle,” you say. “Let’s start with the hip snap.” Half an hour later, when Tom gets his first one, with no help from you, he seems to be at a loss for words.

“I . . . I just rolled my boat,” he says.

You laugh.

“I don’t believe it,” he says.

You start applauding, remembering when you first taught Matt to roll, in that little lake in Iowa, so long ago it feels like forever. “Thanks,” Tom says, “I owe you one.”

It feels good to hear that, finally, and you smile when he shakes your hand.

“No you don’t,” you say. “This is what I do.” 

RENTER BEWARE – The Savvy Sea Kayak Renter’s Checklist

A few days into their month-long kayak trip, Pat and Lynn camped near Brian and Tracy, who were out for only a week. While chatting about their routes and the wildlife they’d seen, Tracy mentioned how unhappy she and Brian were with the outfitter from whom they’d rented gear. She said they’d already had to repair one of their rudder cables. They’d also expected to get more information about their route when they picked up their boats, but the teenager who’d been behind the rental counter hadn’t paddled much and said it was the “experienced guy’s” day off. After several more complaints, Tracy said she certainly wouldn’t recommend the same outfitter to any of the paddlers she knew.

Pat and Lynn, who’d had a very positive experience with the rental outfitter they’d used, were surprised. The equipment they’d rented was in excellent condition, they’d arranged for a shuttle and food drop-off, and they’d received a thorough briefing from an experienced, local paddler about the special attractions and hazards of the area in which they were paddling. Eager to know which outfitter to avoid in the future, Lynn asked Tracy which rental company they’d used. She was stunned to hear that the “problem outfitter” was the same one she and Pat had used!

Maybe the problem wasn’t just the outfitter. What had Pat and Lynn done to make their rental experience a positive one? Whether you want boats for a half-day jaunt or a five-week expedition, here’s how to make renting a kayak a pleasant part of your trip.

Before the trip

Do your homework. Spend time researching options for rentals. While the Web is a great resource for gathering information, don’t assume that outfitters with Web sites or ads in paddling magazines are the only (or best) options available. Read about the area you’re going to be paddling in, talk to other paddlers, and use Web discussion forums (such as www.paddling.net and www.epaddler.com/wwwboard/wwwboard.html) to get information about rental possibilities. When I was planning a five-week trip in Prince William Sound, the outfitter I ended up using did not have a website and did not advertise in paddling magazines. I found out about them from an article in an outdoor magazine. I chose them because of the quality of the gear they rented (fiberglass boats, lightweight fiberglass paddles) and because they had a selection of kayak models from which to choose. Since I was renting single kayaks for myself (5’8″, 175 pounds) and my friend (5’1″, 110 pounds), I didn’t want to use an outfitter that rented only one model or one-size-fits-all kayaks. I was also concerned about being able to rent boats with enough volume to handle five weeks’ worth of food and gear.

Ask what equipment is included in the rental of a kayak, and whether to expect extra charges for extra gear. Some outfitters in cold areas include a wetsuit in the rental fee; some don’t. Are standard safety gear items such as bilge pumps and paddle floats included in the rental price? Many outfitters now offer VHF radios for rent. Be clear about what gear you’re bringing and what you need from the outfitter.

Outfitter Restrictions and Things to Keep in Mind

Many outfitters have restrictions about who may rent their equipment and where the equipment is allowed to be used. Since the mid2980s, when I began renting kayaks, there have been major changes in the availability of rental equipment. With the increasing popularity of kayaking in recent years, and given the relative availability and affordability of liability insurance, there are lots of rental options available at many popular kayaking destinations. However, many outfitters restrict who may rent their equipment. Some outfitters require would-be renters to take a class or trip with the outfitter before renting. Other outfitters require renters to pass some kind of test of their ability-anything from demonstrating wet exit and self-rescue skills to answering questions about self-rescue techniques. It’s important to be honest when describing your abilities and needs.
(See “Outfitter Perspective,” p. 30).

If you are renting near your launch site, what type of “local knowledge” pre-trip briefing is available from an outfitter? Will you have an opportunity to review your trip plan with a knowledgeable local paddler? Don’t assume that whoever you pick up your gear from has the information you want. The rental site staff may not themselves be experienced paddlers. If you want a briefing, arrange for it in advance.

In addition to restrictions about who may rent from them, some outfitters restrict the areas where their equipment may be used. During our pre-trip briefing in Marlborough Sounds, New Zealand, our outfitter identified areas that were off-limits. These areas were known for challenging combinations of wind and strong currents.

Although some of these areas had been on our list of possibilities to visit, we weren’t heavily invested in exploring these areas. Ask about the standard procedures for picking up and returning rental equipment. Does the outfitter have a routine for dealing with paperwork, checking over and fitting equipment, and orienting renters to the local paddling area? It will help you plan your schedule to know how long the process takes and what it involves. How the outfitter responds to such questions will also provide you with information for evaluating their level of professionalism.

Money

Ask the outfitter about deposits, refunds and the forms of payment they accept. Is a reservation deposit required? Find out if reservation deposits are refundable, and under what circumstances, in case you have to cancel. Some outfitters have policies of partial or no refund for deposits if the cancellation is within a certain amount of time before the planned rental date. Other outfitters don’t offer refunds but will credit reservation deposits to future rentals or trips. If you end your trip early, are fees for unused rental days refundable? Many outfitters require some form of deposit to ensure that you return their gear. What do they require for a security deposit? Do they take credit cards or personal checks?

Are there any permits required for paddling and camping in the area you will be visiting? Is the outfitter set up to assist you with getting these permits? Some areas require per person/per night fees for camping, or fire permits, or permits to visit special areas, such as native lands. Although not all rental outfitters will be authorized to issue permits or collect fees, they should be able to provide information about which permits are needed in their area and how to get them.

Gear details

Along with finding out what kinds of kayaks are available-and their suitability for your group’s needs, abilities and sizes-ask about other gear such as paddles and personal flotation devices (PFDs). For a day trip, the type of paddle and PFD you use may not be such a big deal. However, if you’re renting gear for an extended trip, these details can make the difference between a pleasant trip and a painful trip. I chose to take my own lightweight fiberglass paddle on my three-week trip in Marlborough after hearing that the outfitter had standard, “rental grade” paddles. My paddling partner didn’t own her own paddle, so she used the standard-issue rental paddle-a heavy plastic paddle with a fixed degree of feather. Halfway through the trip, she started having wrist problems, and feeling some numbness and tingling in her control hand. We strapped her paddle on the front deck of my kayak, and she switched to using the rental spare paddle, a two-piece paddle that was just as heavy, but which allowed her to use it in an unfeathered position. After that trip, even though she lives in the mountains of Colorado and doesn’t own a sea kayak, she bought her own lightweight paddle for use on the trips she takes with me and other friends.

Another paddling buddy of mine showed up for a kayak trip in Norway and found that the norm in Norway was for left-control feathered paddles, not the right-hand control that is standard in the United States. The only paddle available to her was a fixed position, left-control feathered paddle. She said the first day of paddling was very disconcerting as she headed out with the group into fairly rough conditions. Normally, she has very strong, instinctive braces, but with this paddle she had to work really hard to know the position of her paddle blade. Luckily, she’s a strong paddler, and she adapted. A less-skilled paddler might not have fared as well.

At the rental company

Take your time; don’t be in a rush. Inevitably it takes longer than you would expect to fill out all the paperwork and get your equipment organized. Allot plenty of time for the gear pick-up process.

Check over all of the equipment before accepting it. Examine all the areas most likely to wear or break on a kayak and other gear, including rudder cables, foot pedals, paddle blades, PFD zippers, and paddle-float inflating nozzles. Do a thorough check of the boat, and look for cracks and excessive gel coat wear on fiberglass boats and dents/gouges on plastic boats, especially on the hull where it could have been brought up on rocky beaches.

Establish what degree of wear is pre-existing so you won’t be held responsible for it. I’ve rejected a fiberglass paddle because the blade was starting to delaminate, and I’ve spent an extra half-hour at a rental site after a pre-rental inspection while they replaced a frayed rudder cable I found.

Make sure everything fits comfortably. Try on the PFD and wetsuit. Get in the boat, check the seat adjustment as well as foot pedal adjustment, and make sure you understand how the systems work.

Safety services

If you want to use the outfitter as your safety backup, ask explicitly-in advance-if this is a service they provide. Do not assume that they plan to be your backup unless you specifically negotiate that. Just because they expect you back at a certain time with the boat doesn’t necessarily mean they have all the information or resources necessary to initiate a search in case you don’t return at the proper time. If they are willing to serve as backup, leave a formal float plan and directions about what to do in case you don’t return at the planned time. (See SK Apr. ’99 or www.seakayakermag.com/apr99/floatplan.htm) If they are not going to be your backup, give them the contact information for whomever will have your float plan. Be clear about who is serving as your backup. Don’t assume the outfitter is planning on taking on that responsibility.

One time I pulled up to the rental beach, pleasantly tired from a solo day trip I’d taken. The woman I’d rented the boat from six hours before looked up from the PFDs she was hanging out to dry, laughed and said, “Oh, I almost forgot you were out there.” She didn’t sound like she was joking. I didn’t quite know how to respond. Was she for real? Forget I was out on the water? It was a glass-calm day and I’m an experienced paddler, but she was the only person who knew I was out there. I had not filed a formal float plan or established that she was going to be my backup, but since the kayak was due back at a certain time, I’d assumed she would be. Luckily, I learned my lesson in a pretty benign situation.

Concluding your trip

Although it is obvious that you should return rented gear at the agreed upon time (not just to meet the terms of your rental agreement, but also to avoid a search), it is important to be aware of additional fees for late returns. When gear is returned late, some outfitters will charge fees in excess of the standard rental fee.
Prior to departure, ask if you are expected to clean gear yourself or if you can return it “as is.” If you are required to return clean gear, does the outfitter have facilities available at their site for your use? Point out any equipment you are bringing back that appears worn or is in need of repair. Remember to get your security deposit back, including any credit card forms you’ve signed.

Renting for Solo Trips

Most of the kayaks I’ve rented have been for small groups or for myself and a paddling companion. However, I’ve also rented kayaks for solo trips. All of the same rental suggestions for multiple paddlers apply to solo renters, but there are some additional concerns to take into account. First and foremost, check that the outfitter you are considering actually rents to solo paddlers-some don’t. It is better to know this in the early stages of trip planning than to find out when you’re ready to pick up the boat.

If you are planning to paddle solo, be prepared to convince the outfitter of your capabilities for taking such a solo trip, which may require descriptions of previous solo trips, and the types of conditions you’ve experienced. Also, be prepared to explain, and possibly to demonstrate, the self-rescue skills and systems that you have.

In Conclusion

Why did Pat and Lynn and Brian and Tracy have such different experiences with the same rental outfitter? One big difference was that Pat and Lynn had planned ahead and pre-arranged their rental of gear, shuttle, food drop, and pre-trip briefing. They’d spent some time on the phone and on e-mail with the outfitter. That forethought and follow-through distinguished them from the average would-be renter. Because Pat and Lynn planned ahead and asked the right questions, they got the gear and services they needed.

Brian and Tracy picked the outfitter from a list they found in a guidebook. They assumed that since it was a big outfitter and not the height of the busy season, they could walk in off the street and rent the gear they needed for a week-long trip along one of the “standard” routes in the area. They were able to rent equipment, but did not get the service that would have enhanced their trip. They were also in a rush to get out on the water and did not spend time checking their gear before they left the rental shop, assuming this would already have been done by the outfitter. They might have been lucky and arrived on a day the “experienced guy” was working, and he might have had time to give them the briefing they wanted. And they might have noticed problems with the gear had they taken the time to inspect it. But they didn’t. By not planning ahead and taking the time at the outfitter, their enjoyment of their trip was diminished by time spent on gear repair instead of exploring their surroundings. They also missed out on seeing some of the wildlife that the “experienced guy” would have told them to look for in certain areas. They were lucky; their problems weren’t insurmountable, and their safety was not compromised.

Will you be so lucky the next time you set out in a rental kayak? Here are some words to the wise: Plan ahead. Ask the right questions. Make time to attend to the details. You can’t control some aspects of a kayak trip, like the weather, so why leave to chance those aspects of a trip you can control? If you’re like me, you’d rather come back from a trip with tales of great wildlife and exciting paddling than ones about your skills at using duct tape to patch up problems, or gripes about the rental outfitter regarding acceptable forms of payment. Be savvy…or beware!

The Savvy Sea Kayak Renter’s Checklist

Questions to ask potential rental outfitters
• What kinds of kayaks and other gear does each outfitter rent?
• Is the equipment appropriate for your trip plans?
• What equipment is included in the rental of a kayak?
• Is other gear available? Will there be additional fees?
• Are there any restrictions on where the equipment can be used and who can rent it?
• Are there any requirements for renters?
• Is “local knowledge” available? Can the outfitter give you good advice about the area you’ll visit?
• What are the standard procedures for picking up rental gear? How long does it take?
• Are reservation or security deposits required? Be sure to get specifics.
• What forms of payment are accepted?
• Are there extra fees for late returns?
• What is the gear return procedure?
• Can you return gear as is, or are you responsible for cleaning it?

For solo paddlers

• Does the outfitter rent equipment to solo paddlers?
• Are there any special requirements for solo paddlers in terms of where they can paddle, or their self-rescue skills?

At the rental equipment pick-up

 Take your time.
• Inspect all gear closely.
• Note anything that needs immediate repair or that is cause for rejecting an item.
• Note any wear that is acceptable, but which you want to be sure isn’t charged to you when you return the gear.
• Make sure everything fits and that you know how to adjust the kayak seat, rudder pedals, PFD, etc.
• Safety systems: If the outfitter is your backup, give them a float plan. If not, give them contact info for whomever will have your float plan.

After the trip

• Return the gear on time (unless to do so would jeopardize your safety) and follow any clean-up procedures.
• Indicate any gear that is worn or needs repair to the outfitter.
• Retrieve any security deposit as well as your credit card slips.

Gel-Coat Repair for Mortals

Gel-coat scratches in a fiberglass kayak are a fact of life. If you paddle often and paddle hard, you’re bound to scuff up the bottom a bit. This is good. It means that you’re spending time out on the water enjoying your boat. If you can learn to ignore superficial scratches in the gel coat, your life will be better.
However, there comes a time when even the most hardened boat abuser starts to think about fixing things up a bit. Extensive spiderweb cracks, chunks of missing gel or wear through to the glass laminate are worth taking a look at.
The good news is that working with gel coat is not terribly difficult. Even mere mortals can get a polished gel-coat repair. The basic procedure for making a repair has five parts: internal hull patching, surface prep, gel-coat application, sanding and finishing. If you follow this progression and are patient, you’ll get good results.

Before you begin your repair, it makes sense to think about what causes gel-coat damage in the first place. There are three primary sources: impacts, abrasions and repeated stress. Impacts may damage gel coat by deforming the hull enough that the gel exceeds its ability to flex. The resulting fracture in the gel coat will often look like a star or a spiderweb. With a heavy impact, it’s possible to break a chunk of gel coat off of the hull, leaving a deep gouge or even a hole in the boat.
Abrasion often happens to the keel of a kayak at the stem and stern. Fiberglass and gel coat are quite abrasion resistant; however, dragging over rocks or coarse sand can wear through the gel. Heavy abrasion to the keel is often repaired by the application of a full keel strip to the kayak. Minor abrasions may be fixed, as outlined in this article.
Cracks from repeated stress are also common. This is particularly true in boats that have rigid bulkheads rather than foam. The bulkhead in this case creates a hinge point or “stress riser” against which the hull flexes. Repeated flexing over time may soften the laminate in this area and give rise to cracks that run across the hull at the bulkhead.
It’s not safe to assume that the fiberglass beneath the cracks is undamaged. If the boat was impacted hard enough to crack the gel coat, or if it’s been flexing at the bulkheads, the underlying laminate may be weakened. Even if there’s no visible damage or leakage, the fiberglass may have been stressed enough to lose some of its integrity and strength. If this is the case, you’ll need to apply a patch to the inside of the hull to prevent the cracks from returning.

The vast majority of fiberglass kayaks are made with polyester resins. Some Kevlar kayaks are laminated with vinylester or epoxy resins. The techniques outlined in this article are intended to be used on kayaks that are laminated with polyester or vinylester resin and polyester gel coat. If you have a kayak that’s laminated with epoxy, you won’t be able to use the materials listed here (polyester resin and gel coat will not adhere to epoxy). The greatest likelihood is that your kayak is laminated with polyester resin. If you’re in doubt, contact the manufacturer.

Whenever you’re working with fiberglass, make sure that you take precautions against dust, fumes and chemicals. Wear a dust mask while sanding and a respirator that protects you against chemical vapors. Nitrile gloves offer good protection against the chemicals that you’ll be using, most of which can be absorbed through the skin. Work in a well-ventilated area.

You only have to apply a fiberglass patch if the hull is soft in the area of the gel-coat damage. If not, skip this step and proceed directly to surface preparation.
For patching, you’ll need fiberglass mat, waxed polyester resin, hardener and sandpaper. Glass mat is an unwoven fiberglass cloth that looks like blotter paper or felt. It’s commonly available in an ounce-and-a-half weight and works well for patches because it conforms to curves and absorbs enough resin to be stiff. Fiberglass cloth has a higher tensile strength than glass mat and is used in the construction of light, strong kayaks. However, glass cloth doesn’t hold as much resin and is harder to conform to tight spots.
Waxed resin contains paraffin wax as a surfacing agent. Unwaxed resin will dry with a sticky surface and is used for laminating multiple layers of glass cloth. Waxed resin will dry with a hard, waxy finish. If you need to put another layer of cloth or resin onto this surface after it has cured, you must sand the wax off and wipe with a solvent-like acetone or denatured alcohol.
You’ll need a workspace temperature above 65˚F. Polyester resin is sensitive to temperature, and both the kayak and the workspace must be warm for your repairs to cure. The ratios for catalyzing resin are usually calculated at 77˚F. Temperatures cooler than this will slow the hardening of your repair. Temperatures warmer than 77˚ will speed hardening and shorten the working time or “pot life” for the resin. A large batch will cure more quickly than a small one.
With 80- or 100-grit paper, sand the area inside the hull that is to receive the patch. When you’ve thoroughly roughed the surface, wipe down the sanded area with denatured alcohol. Next, cut a patch of glass cloth about a half inch larger than the damaged area. Catalyze the resin to the ratio recommended by the manufacturer. This ratio is typically 15 drops of hardener to one ounce of resin. Place the patch onto a piece of scrap cardboard or wax paper and apply catalyzed resin with a brush (an inexpensive chip brush works well) until the fiberglass cloth becomes translucent.
Paint a thin layer of resin onto the hull where you’ve sanded. Remove the “wetted out” patch from the cardboard and apply it over this resin. Using the same brush, paint more resin onto the patch until the surface is smooth and there are no visible air bubbles. Allow the patch to cure and sand it to ensure that there are no sharp edges inside the hull. Wipe with alcohol as before, and catalyze a bit more resin. Paint a thin coat of resin over the patch to complete the repair.
For a simple gel-coat crack where there’s no major structural damage, you usually don’t need more than one piece of ounce-and-a-half fiberglass mat as a patch. However, some people may choose to lay a piece of woven fiberglass cloth over the mat patch to more closely match the appearance of the inside of the hull. If you choose to do this, cut the woven cloth about a half-inch larger than the mat patch, and wet it out at the same time. Lay the wetted-out cloth over the mat. Finally, finish the repair with additional resin and sanding as outlined previously. It’s possible to pigment the resin in an effort to match the hull color. Left to its own devices, polyester will cure a translucent brown.

The Young Man and the Sea

When Francisco “Pancho” Mayoral’s father Pachico reached out a shaking hand on one breezy February afternoon back in 1972—coincidentally, the very month Pancho was born—and dared to make contact with one of the largest wild creatures on the planet, he had no idea that he would be opening a door. His fishing skiff was surrounded by whales in San Ignacio Lagoon for over an hour. One of the whales would not stop rubbing itself against the bow of his boat, so Pancho’s frightened father finally decided to take matters quite literally into his own hands.

When he reached out to touch that first gray whale’s head—the first known contact of its kind between human and whale—Pachico Mayoral not only opened a portal between two species that had previously been hunter and hunted, he also cracked open a door of opportunity. It was a door that his son Pancho would eventually help to kick entirely off its hinges as he worked to change the face of the local kayak industry in Baja.San Ignacio Lagoon, the site of the world’s only “undeveloped” birthing ground of the East Pacific gray whale, once faced a serious ecological threat. There had been a plan to build a giant saltworks in this lonely site. Its operation would have disrupted the natural workings of the lagoon and could have destroyed it as a birthing ground. Pachico was instrumental in creating the eco-friendly tourist industry that led to the preservation of the lagoon.Before that day—the day of the miracle, as some call it—grays were still known locally not as the “friendly whales” of today, but as “devilfish,” a relic moniker of the whaling days, earned for their unparalleled ferocity when fighting back against the harpoon. And until that day, a child from a remote fishing village such as the one at San Ignacio Lagoon where Pancho grew up had two choices in life: Fish or flee. Accept the increasingly difficult fishing life, or leave home to find work elsewhere. Not that “seasonal whale-watching guide” is any sort of economic panacea, but in a land of so few options, just about any legal occupation is welcome, and it beats poaching endangered species or running drugs—both ever-present temptations for a hungry fisherman struggling to feed his family during a slow season.After his father fell ill when Pancho was 14, he left school to fish and help support his family. Even after his dad recovered a few months later, he decided to continue fishing. “I guess you could say I was hooked,” he deadpanned. His slightly pursed lips concealing that increasingly familiar hint of a smile was my only indication that his bilingual pun was indeed intentional. “It was hard work, but I was only 14 and making my own money.”So he continued fishing for the next several years and eventually bought his own skiff, Suzy Q (after the song by one of his favorite bands, Creedence Clearwater Revival). It was a tough way to earn a living. Always hard work, he explained. “Some days, no matter how hard you worked, you still came home, you know, empty handed.” Sensing that I hadn’t appreciated the full impact of his statement, and apparently deciding he was ready to take me further into his confidence, he elaborated. “‘Empty handed,’” he spelled out, “means you go to bed hungry—” and then, after a slight pause added quietly, “again.” The way he said it, matter-of-factly with no trace of self pity, made me certain that he was no stranger to missed meals. That, apparently, was how he got started poaching.“At first you do it out of necessity, during a slow time of year or after a streak of bad luck…” he trailed off, letting me connect the dots. “Later it becomes like a vice, and you start doing it even when you don’t really need to because the money is better.” He laughed at my naïveté when I said it must be difficult to sell an illegal catch. Whether simply something like lobster out of season or an endangered species, he explained with a mix of regret and sadness, “There’s always a buyer.” This all changed abruptly one autumn some nine years ago when a volunteer from RARE (a non-profit environmental conservation group) came to the lagoon. I’d noticed Pancho’s T-shirt a few days earlier: “Keeping what’s rare, there,” it said simply. Begun in Costa Rica to protect local bird species, the organization had spread to southern Baja. “They actually offered to pay us for three months to learn English.” As his English improved, the lessons turned to natural history, ostensibly to make the fishers more employable as eco-tourism guides. That led inevitably to education about ecosystems and reasons not to fish out of season, in order to allow stocks to recover so that they could be fished sustainably.“It all started to click,” he explained. The training provided him and other local youths with good reasons not to poach, as well as ways to earn a living. That spring, instead of returning to fishing, he sought work with a local kayak company on the Sea of Cortez. Within a year he’d learned to paddle well enough to become a lead guide. Although guiding, like fishing, is seasonal, the going rate is around $50 to $100 a day—not bad for an area where minimum wage earned by many is closer to $50 per week. Over the next several years, he worked as a kayak instructor for a U.S.-based outdoor school and got further training as an environmental educator—including becoming a trainer for Leave No Trace, an international organization promoting responsible outdoor recreation. He began teaching others, from his clients to his peers, ways to minimize their impact on this fragile desert-sea ecosystem.Pancho also became a RARE volunteer, helping to teach the same course he’d once taken. He hoped he could be a mentor for others in his community. “I looked at them and saw myself two years earlier, working harder every year to catch fewer fish, and feeling like I had no options.”He now has his own tour company and is among a vanguard of Baja locals claiming their place in a kayaking industry once dominated almost entirely by guides and owners from north of the U.S. and Canadian borders. Rather than detracting from his role as an environmental educator, his past experiences as a poacher only seem to lend him credibility among his peers, and his success offers a model: It is possible to earn a living from the sea in a way that does not threaten to destroy it.

The First Fish

I slid my kayak from the sandy beach into the calm water of Whitefish Bay, Wisconsin, on Lake Michigan’s western shore. As I paddled, I looked across the blue water to Whitefish Bay Point, where cedar trees line the dark-gray limestone shore. The bay was quiet now, but at the height of the season, the waters around the point would be dotted with dozens of charter boats bristling with fishing rods, outriggers and down-riggers.
I’d been trolling out on this bay from a small motorboat since I was a child. Not long after becoming a kayaker a few years ago, the idea of trying to catch a salmon while sitting on the water got stuck in my imagination. In all the summers I’d been here, I’d never heard of anyone around Door County fishing from a kayak.
My plan was to make a few practice runs, weeks before the fish were in, so I decided I wouldn’t even bother to get up early, but instead just fish in the middle of the day when fish rarely bite. I didn’t expect to catch anything this trip, but it would give me a chance to get used to handling fishing gear from my kayak.
In the middle of the bay, I turned south in front of the old wooden dock and cast out my line. I tucked the butt of the rod into the waist strap of my spray skirt and paddled farther south trailing the line. The rod ran up my chest, bending over my shoulder, as I towed the lure behind. This way I’d be able feel a fish strike. I’ve never used rod holders because I love feeling a fish hit on the line—that sudden jolt from under the water is what makes fishing magic to me.
I had searched for “kayak fishing” on the Internet. I wanted to know what equipment to use if there isn’t room for a lot of big gear, and I wanted tips for balancing in a kayak with a fish on the line, or if it was even wise or possible to catch a big salmon from a sea kayak! The only information I found was about sit-on-top kayaks. They had room for huge nets, and they looked extremely stable. Sit-on-top fishers were using serious gear, and the kayak looked to be an accessory to the fishing rod, rather then the other way around. I wanted to fish without giving up the things I liked about my kayak. In a closed-cockpit sea kayak, I was, for the most part, winging it.
The day before, I’d bought a small $23 rod-and-reel from a shop in Sturgeon Bay. They had some big salmon rods with long butts, but this small one seemed more manageable in close quarters. I thought a larger rod would be clumsy and awkward to hold onto.
I trolled about 30 yards from the shoreline, using a silver “crocodile” spoon. I could see 15 feet down through the shades of hazy green water, to where the rock shelf dropped off into the darkness. I had fished here dozens of years ago, before I was a teenager, and I remembered the trout and little salmon I caught that had been hiding under that shelf.
I looked for the silver flash of fish lying along the brown rocks. Suddenly, the rod tugged lightly against my life jacket. Startled, I jumped in my skin. The line went slack. I laughed. The pull was so light that it could only have been a small trout or salmon, maybe a pound at best, but I had jumped as if it had been a marlin. I stopped paddling. The line dropped loosely down from the tip of the rod to the water. Whatever had struck the lure, I thought, got off, or I had just snagged the bottom rocks for a moment.

The Eskimo Rescue Revisted

The Eskimo rescue technique is regularly described in sea-kayak manuals and is taught in classes everywhere. In principle, the Eskimo rescue is quite simple: It’s an assisted rescue of a capsized kayaker who is hoping to avoid a wet exit by having a partner come alongside to provide something—bow, deck lines or paddle—that the swimmer can use to pull herself out of the water and upright.
The benefits of the Eskimo rescue are numerous. There’s no need for a wet exit, with its often-grave consequence of hypothermia. It dramatically reduces rescue time, an important consideration in dangerous areas such as rocky coastlines, surf, tidal races and busy shipping lanes. There is minimal danger of injury to the capsized kayaker and rescuer and of damage to the kayak, no loss of stability as a result of a swamped cockpit and no need for prolonged pumping. The Eskimo rescue holds such an important position within the hierarchy of rescues that it should, in theory, be one of your first reactions in response to a capsize.
Ask a sea-kayak instructor if he or she thinks the Eskimo rescue is an important thing to learn. The answer will probably be “Yes, if you find yourself upside down and unable to roll, don’t bail out—wave your arms for an Eskimo rescue!” Now ask how many times the instructor has field-rescued a person signaling for an Eskimo rescue. You may only get a bit of head scratching while he tries to remember if indeed he ever has put the rescue to real use. Since the Eskimo rescue is considered such an important rescue technique, why doesn’t it play a part in real-life situations? Well, kayak-incident management would be so much nicer if it weren’t for that nasty urge to get an occasional breath of air when you’re upside down.

Capsized kayakers are an impatient lot, and as the danger of capsizing increases and the conditions get rough, the safe distance between kayaks grows. The time it takes the rescuer to react to a capsized kayaker and come alongside will, in most cases, exceed by far the ability of the capsized kayaker to hold his breath—even if he doesn’t panic. Capsized kayakers tend to bail out long before the rescuer gets near enough to help. After a wet exit, there are a host of complications: The paddler is exposed to cold water; the kayak must be stabilized while the paddler gets back aboard; the paddler has to bail out the cockpit; and the spray skirt must be reattached.
There are a few ways to remain in a capsized kayak while waiting for the rescuer: hull breathing (“Hull Breathing,” SK, Summer ’88; and “Snorkel Breathing,” SK, Apr. ’96), the Petrussen Maneuver—reaching around the hull to pull your head out of the water (SK, “The Petrussen Maneuver: A New Twist on an Old Technique,” Aug. ’00), sculling with the paddle for support or swimming with the boat.
Since not everybody has a snorkel handy or possesses the yogi-like flexibility the Petrussen calls for, most of us will end up either sculling or swimming, both of which provide a good chance of getting sufficient air while waiting for the rescuer to show up. It’s not so difficult to pick up these techniques.
For both sculling and swimming, rhythmical, even movements are the keys to success. Don’t try to keep your head above the surface all the time—bring it up by a powerful breaststroke or paddle stroke, take a deep breath, then let your upper body go down, relax for a few seconds while breathing out, and move up again. It is essential to avoid panic. If you thrash around, you’re likely to try to inhale out of synch with your support strokes, and once you’ve swallowed water, you’ll bail out instantly.

Practice is the only way you’ll be able to develop the confidence required to stay calm while waiting for your rescuer. You should practice sculling or swimming with the boat in waist-deep calm water with a partner standing by to help. Capsize and try to bring your face to the surface sculling with the paddle. A strong face-upward layback position helps a lot for sculling. (For a more in-depth discussion, see: “Deep Sculling,” SK, Dec. ’02.)
For swimming to the surface if you’ve lost your paddle, I recommend using a breaststroke with your shoulders turned parallel to the surface of the water. Dog paddling is less effective and causes more splashing, a liability when you’re trying to inhale. Ask your partner to support your hands in case you fail to do a stroke that gets your head high enough to breathe. Try to find a regular rhythm of going up and down again, and let your partner offer less assistance as you develop a more effective stroke.
Practice switching sides underwater and work at being able to swim on either side of the kayak. When you find yourself needing to swim to the surface for an actual Eskimo rescue, you may want to come up on the side of the kayak that allows you to see if your rescuer is coming.
When you want to come upright, use your partner’s hand as you would the bow of a rescuing kayak. Don’t forget to hip-snap your kayak onto an even keel first and lift your head last. This may feel somewhat strange because you’re focused on “head up” when doing your breathing attempts, but righting your kayak and body requires keeping the head down just as it is with rolling. While the basic technique can be picked up in a weekend, making use of it in rough conditions means a lot of practice in increasing levels of difficulty.

Austin: Paddling the Heart of Texas

The word “Texas” conjures up images of cowboy hats, country music, BBQ and Longhorn cattle. While Austin certainly has all of that, there is also so much more. For starters, this city in the heart of Texas has long been billed as the live music capital of the world, hosting legendary musicians such as Stevie Ray Vaughan, Muddy Waters and Willie Nelson.
There is always something to do and see here with huge festivals such as South by Southwest, the Austin City Limits Music Festival and the Zilker Park Kite Festival. But for paddlers, Austin’s greatest asset is the great day trip lying right at its doorstep. The blue-green Colorado River winds through downtown and is the perfect place to wet a hull and enjoy some of what this vibrant city has to offer. From the river, Austin is unique, with a cosmopolitan skyline partially obscured by a nearly continuous green space of parks and trees surrounding the river. The trails around the river are easily accessed from downtown and always host an energetic group of joggers, dog-walkers and sightseers. On many days, you’ll notice the distinctive aroma of cedar trees, and the numerous blue-sky days add to the beauty of the area.
With mild winter temperatures and an average of 300 days of sunshine per year, Austin offers good paddling year-round.
Summers can be downright hot with temperatures soaring into the triple digits. If you don’t mind the heat, however, summer paddles are great. Austin’s southerly latitude also makes it a great place for winter trips. The average winter low is 40˚F, but it’s not unusual to see afternoon temperatures near 60˚F. During the spring and fall, the temperatures are almost always pleasant.

Town Lake
Water control dams have been placed on the Colorado River to the northeast and southwest of downtown Austin, creating Town Lake. The term “lake” is somewhat of a misnomer here, as it retains the look of a river. Spanning six miles between the dams, Town Lake is perfect for either a quick tour of the city or a longer paddle by traversing multiple trips between the dams. With the exception of a couple of slow-moving tour boats, powerboats are not permitted on the lake, making it that much more enjoyable to paddle.
Town Lake is easily accessible by walking from downtown or taking public transportation from most parts of Austin. The Capital Metro bus system runs to nearly all corners of the city and maintains a reliable schedule.
Houses on the bluffs overlooking Town Lake.There are two convenient put-ins on the north side of Town Lake; both can be reached via the walking trail that encircles the lake. One put-in is a public boat launch located east of downtown at I-35. Here you’ll find a boat ramp and a large, grassy shore that’s perfect for loading boats and preparing gear. Another put-in is located just west of downtown in front of Austin High School on Stephen F. Austin Drive. A wide concrete drainage outlet slopes gently into the lake and is accessible from nearby public parking lots. Both spots offer great access to the lake, but the I-35 put-in has more room and usually has fewer people.
Putting in from Austin High and heading northwest, you’ll find yourself leaving downtown and paddling along the high bluffs that overlook Town Lake. Here, dense trees line the shores, and homes are built into the landscape. During the spring, a profusion of wildflowers bloom along the lake and all over Austin. The bluebonnets and Indian paintbrush splash broad strokes of brilliant colors onto this urban landscape and must be seen to be believed!
Approximately two miles upriver from the put-in at Austin High is the Tom Miller Dam. At the foot of this massive dam is Red Bud Isle Park, a small island with rocky outcroppings at one end. Painted turtles frequently sun themselves here and jostle for position on the rocks. When little water is being released from the dam, the surface is typically calm and water levels are often too low to circumnavigate Red Bud Isle. During periods of heavy rain, however, large volumes of water are released and the current can be turbulent and swift.
Paddling east from the Tom Miller Dam will take you back into town. Crossing under MoPac Boulevard (named after the Missouri Pacific Railroad, which runs parallel to it), you’ll likely encounter racing shells, as you will just about anywhere on the lake. The popularity of these fast, sleek boats is due at least in part to the University of Texas Crew—rowing competitively since 1969—and local rowing clubs.